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1
What is the main biological purpose of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?
To repair damaged body tissues
To produce two identical diploid cells
To form haploid cells and increase genetic variation
To copy RNA directly into DNA
Correct answer: C. To form haploid cells and increase genetic variation. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and creates genetically varied gametes used in sexual reproduction.
2
During which stage do homologous chromosomes pair closely and crossing over commonly occur?
Prophase I
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase I
Correct answer: A. Prophase I. Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis during prophase I, forming tetrads where nonsister chromatids may exchange corresponding DNA segments.
3
What separates during anaphase I of meiosis?
Individual genes from each chromosome
Nuclear pores from the nuclear membrane
Sister chromatids of every chromosome
Homologous chromosomes
Correct answer: D. Homologous chromosomes. During anaphase I, each homologous chromosome moves to an opposite pole while its two sister chromatids remain attached.
4
Why is meiosis I often called the reduction division?
The amount of DNA is reduced before replication
The chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid
The cell loses all of its chromosomes
Each chromosome becomes shorter
Correct answer: B. The chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid. Homologous pairs separate in meiosis I, so each daughter cell receives only one chromosome from each pair.
5
Which event directly creates new combinations of alleles on the same chromosome?
Cytokinesis
DNA replication
Crossing over between nonsister chromatids
Separation of sister chromatids
Correct answer: C. Crossing over between nonsister chromatids. Crossing over exchanges corresponding DNA segments between homologous chromosomes, producing recombinant chromatids with new allele combinations.
6
How does independent assortment increase genetic diversity?
Homologous pairs line up independently at metaphase I
Every gamete receives the same chromosome combination
DNA replication produces different chromosome numbers
Sister chromatids exchange entire nuclei
Correct answer: A. Homologous pairs line up independently at metaphase I. Each pair can orient in more than one way, so maternal and paternal chromosomes are distributed into gametes in many possible combinations.
7
Which statement correctly distinguishes meiosis II from meiosis I?
Meiosis II begins with DNA replication
Meiosis II separates homologous chromosome pairs
Meiosis II produces diploid cells from haploid cells
Meiosis II separates sister chromatids
Correct answer: D. Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. Meiosis II resembles mitosis because centromeres divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles.
8
A human cell entering meiosis has 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes should each normal gamete contain?
46
23
92
12
Correct answer: B. 23. Human body cells are diploid with 46 chromosomes, while normal gametes are haploid and contain one chromosome from each of the 23 homologous pairs.
9
What is nondisjunction?
The normal exchange of DNA during crossing over
The replication of chromosomes before meiosis
The failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate properly
The formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis
Correct answer: C. The failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate properly. Nondisjunction can occur in meiosis I or II and may produce gametes with an extra or missing chromosome.
10
What is the usual final outcome when one diploid cell completes meiosis?
Four genetically varied haploid cells
Two genetically identical diploid cells
One tetraploid cell
Eight identical haploid cells
Correct answer: A. Four genetically varied haploid cells. Two successive divisions normally produce four cells, each with half the original chromosome number and a genetically distinct combination of DNA.